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1. DOWNLOAD KIWIX ORG ZIM WIKIPEDIA ALL NOPIC PASSWORD
2. DOWNLOAD KIWIX ORG ZIM WIKIPEDIA ALL NOPIC MAC
3. DOWNLOAD KIWIX ORG ZIM WIKIPEDIA ALL NOPIC CRACK

The problem is - you can't actually get the PTK because it's not being sent in any packet. So, getting one of the keys will only allow you to decrypt part of the data, until the client reauthenticates or the key is recalculated. Subsequent authentications will generate different temporary keys which are used to encrypt the data.

DOWNLOAD KIWIX ORG ZIM WIKIPEDIA ALL NOPIC PASSWORD

First of all - the network password is only used in the authentication process.

DOWNLOAD KIWIX ORG ZIM WIKIPEDIA ALL NOPIC CRACK

Now that we know how authentication works, let's see what we need to crack WPA networks. More details about the four way handshake are available here: The client confirms and sends back the last message as an acknowledge and starts using the PTK and GTK for data transfer. This allows the mobile device to authenticate the access point as well. Note that Message 3 contains a MIC calculated by the access point (derived from SNonce and PMK) which is different in value from the MIC calculated by the supplicant. Next, the access point generates keys for multicast traffic that are shared between all authenticated hosts (GTK - Group Temporal Key) and sends these keys in Message 3. If the MIC is valid, it means that the Supplicant knows the same password and the process continues. The access point can calculate its PTK and check the validity of Message 2. The mobile device sends out Message 2 containing its SNonce and the message is protected with a MIC which is calculated from the PTK derived from Message 1. The PTK is used to encrypt unicast data and also to calculate Message Integrity Codes (MIC) and is 256 bits in length. The mobile device uses the ANonce and combines it with the known Pairwise Master Key (PMK) and calculates a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK). The access point goes first and sends Message 1 containing Authenticator Nonce.

DOWNLOAD KIWIX ORG ZIM WIKIPEDIA ALL NOPIC MAC

SA - the MAC address of the mobile device (Supplicant Address)Īfter a device finishes the Open Network association process both the access point (Authenticator) and the mobile device (Supplicant) generate the temporary nonces - ANonce and SNonce.AA - the MAC address of the access point (Authenticator Address).SNonce - 256 bit pseudo-random number generated by the mobile device (Supplicant).ANonce - 256 bit pseudo-random number generated by the access point (Authenticator).Pairwise Master Key (PMK) - For WPA-Personal this is computed by concatenating the network SSID and your plaintext passphrase and running it through a SHA1 algorithm 4096 times as defined in the PBKDF2 function in RFC2898.The input information that both the access point and the mobile device need is: The WPA authentication mechanism involves the exchange of four EAPOL messages in order to set up the encryption keys for your session. They are only used to authenticate to the network and the network devices generate temporary encryption keys that are used to encrypt the actual data. The PSK (Pre Shared Key) or the username/password combination in WPA-Enterprise are not used to actually encrypt data in WPA networks. We will be focusing on WPA-Personal from now on. WPA-Personal encryption can be broken by brute-forcing the four way handshake, but to break WPA-Enterprise you need to set up a fake AP and set up a special RADIUS server to get the user's credentials (more details here. An added bonus is that an authenticated client can't sniff/decrypt the other clients' traffic because each client has a different key. The advantage is that when an employee leaves the company his account is disabled on the server instead of having to reconfigure all access points and all wifi clients. WPA-Enterprise - uses a RADIUS server to authenticate clients either by a username/password or via individual certificates.WPA-PSK (Pre Shared Key) - the same network key is known to all the network users and any user can see (decrypt) the neighbor's traffic.We will focus mostly on WPA2, but the techniques can be used with WPA1 as well.įrom the point of view of key management there are two types of WPA networks: There are two flavors of WPA encryption: WPA1 uses TKIP (which is like WEP on steroids and is considered deprecated) and WPA2 uses AES-CCMP. As always, ask for the network owner's consent before attempting to break their network to save you from legal trouble afterwards. In the previous how-to's we've attacked WEP and WPS enabled networks, now it's the time to attack the most secure wireless network systems - the ones which use WPA encryption.